| Abstract | Paper -a:
Feast or banquet is one of the good opportunities for the rich people to consider the poor people who do not have enough food. The medieval table manners deal with not only the way to eat the food adequately but also the disciplines before and after the meal. In many books of table manners the grace at the beginning of the meal is recommended. Besides the prayer and the blessing of food some manner books ask to think of not only God but also of poor people. This paper reveals the meaning and consciousness to consider the poor people in the Middle Ages by means of medieval table manners.
Paper -b:
The literature on the voluntary poverty of the Franciscan order is voluminous, yet a relatively small amount of scholarly attention has been paid to one specific aspect of that poverty: the Franciscan practice of mendicancy. Nevertheless, early Franciscan sources offer not only justifications of mendicancy, but also descriptions of begging practices, portrayals of societal and individual reactions to requests for alms, and even polemic against non-Franciscan beggars. The writings of the early Franciscans, therefore, provide a window for the consideration of the religious and social position of begging in the Middle Ages, a practice usually studied from the perspective of donors.
Paper -c:
The Palio of Vienna was a horse race, usually held twice each year, around the Ascension Day and St Katharine, 25th November, since 1382. The occasion were two fairs, important economic factors for the market town Vienna. The participants were horse owners, wealthy citizens and visitors. The race was followed by a sprint of servants and maids, probably prostitutes. The fastest horse won a scarlet cloth, the fastest man or woman a piece of fustian. The festivity should fix the social boundaries in form of symbolic materiality, confirm the social order in the ritual interaction, and reinforce regional economic relations.
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