| Abstract | Paper -a:
This paper aims to analyze the deeply interesting and complex relationship between Pope Innocent III (1198-1216) and Sancho I (1185-1211), King of Portugal. On the one hand, Innocent III tried to benefit from Portuguese internal crises between the King and the local bishops in order to impose his authority on the Kingdom of Portugal, and on the other to understand better the difference between papal political goals and aspirations and the concrete means of realizing them, including the rewriting of history and of the Roman theological tradition.
Paper -b:
Pope Gregory IX, an often neglected pope, is frequently seen in the shadow of his more famous predecessors, in particular Innocent III. But his pontificate spanned critical years - historically, intellectually and institutionally. My interest, and the focus of this paper, is the theology faculty at the university at Paris. More specifically, it is the theological condemnation of 1241/4, and the extent to which Gregory may have been instrumental in its production. But in looking at this, Gregory’s wider agenda is relevant, not just his relations with the university and its faculty of theology. This paper therefore assesses his possible involvement in the condemnation in the context of his pontificate’s major preoccupations as a whole.
Paper -c:
The role of the pope as arbiter in peace-making negotiations and agreements has been much debated by the historiography. Between 1257-59, Pope Alexander IV (1254-1261) encouraged and helped Henry III (1216-1272) to reach a peace agreement with the French king, Louis IX (1226-1270). Up to now, Alexander's role in the Treaty of Paris (1258-1259) has been vastly underplayed, and there has been more focus on Anglo-French incentives and negotiations for peace. Thus, in this paper I wish to address why and to what extent the pope became actively involved in these negotiations, and through this case study, reassess the notion, significance and effectiveness of papal mediation in the 13th century.
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