| Abstract | Paper -a:
The purpose of this paper is to address the question of why the 'free and imperial' cities of the Holy Roman Empire continued to form leagues among themselves when such leagues often failed to meet their political goals? I propose in the paper, based in part on archival sources from the German southwest, that although defense was often the motivating factor for forming such alliances, the leagues often behaved as miniature states within the empire and as such, became a means of developing strategy exchange for a variety of problems including religious and economic concerns which in turn help explain how authority was generated within the Holy Roman Empire.
Paper -b:
In 1469, the first Venetian press obtains a privilege from the authorities and soon enough, the flourishing Italian city becomes the biggest centre of production for printed books in Europe. How and why did it happen? The majority of Venetian printers are unknown and sometimes under the pressure of some other more successful printers or editors who flood Europe with Venetian editions. A few of these new entrepreneurs emerge, like Nicholas Jenson who is supposed to have built one of the biggest librarian networks of his time.To understand this phenomenon, the concept of commercial empire must be questioned, both on the scale of Venice and on the scale of the individual librarian networks, between 1469 and the beginning of the 16th century.
Paper -c:
En medio del cúmulo de desajustes de la más diversa índole que a fines de la Edad Media padece la sociedad europea, y la Iglesia en particular, lo que pretende la investigación es visualizar la noción o idea de Iglesia, es decir, el surgimiento en el seno de la sociedad, de ciertas ideas relativas a la Iglesia, una suerte de imaginario que no fue estático sino que evolucionó; imágenes que dan cuenta de lo que, históricamente, se esperaba de ella. En otros términos, una mirada eclesiológica que da cuenta de un sistema de valores en crisis que emana de numerosos tratados surgidos de las ásperas controversias que, nos parece, tocaron dos aspectos fundamentales, esto es, la naturaleza de la institución eclesiástica y el funcionamiento de sus estructuras. La ponencia pretende abordar la discusión sobre la doble naturaleza de la institución eclesiástica, y la propuesta conciliarista frente a la crisis de la autoridad pontifical, ambas ideas en autores bajo medievales.
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